In contrast, SEC-SAXS experiments and their processing are still largely done interactively. Standard batch SAXS measurements are now highly automated with robotic sample changers and automatic processing and analysis pipelines allowing for high throughput studies 13.
An important application of SEC-SAXS is the analysis of the structure of solubilized membrane proteins which benefits from the removal of free micelles directly before the measurement 12. Many state-of-the-art synchrotron beamlines now offer SEC-SAXS set-ups 7, 8, 9, 10 and SEC-SAXS has been conducted on intense laboratory sources 11. Indeed, the integration of an in-line SEC separation step (SEC-SAXS) 6, where individual components are exposed to the X-ray beam while eluting from the column, provides evidence for data being collected from pure samples. Complementary techniques including size exclusion chromatography (SEC), analytical ultracentrifugation, native gel electrophoresis as well as dynamic and static light scattering are employed to ensure sample quality in advance for SAXS measurements. However, for solutes containing aggregates, contaminating particles, partially dissociating complexes or oligomers, structural interpretation becomes difficult as most analysis methods for 3D structural analysis require monodisperse solutions 5. Overall, exogenous application of degradable TDA at 2–5 mmol kg −1 could be recommended as replacement for non-degradable EDTA in a chelate assisted approach towards augmenting bioenergy crop for phytoremediation of Cd polluted soil.Biological SAXS has become a streamlined technique to rapidly characterize overall structural parameters and conformational changes of proteins, nucleic acids and macromolecular complexes in solution 1, 2, 3, 4. NTA and TDA increased proline concentrations, antioxidant enzymes and net photosynthetic activity rate (Pn) comparably to EDTA in sweet sorghum, thus enhancing stress tolerance and stabilizing photosynthetic activities. TDA influenced Cd speciation via increasing acid-soluble, reducible, oxidizable, and residual fractions of Cd, thus increasing Cd bioavailability. Results showed that sweet sorghum augmented with TDA significantly ( P < 0.05) increased biomass, enhanced Cd uptake and accumulation when compared to EDTA at application rate of 2–5 mmol kg −1. Four chelators namely, Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), tetrasodium N,N-diacetate (TDA), Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), iminodisuccinic acid (IDA) and control (CK) were applied and compared at rates of 2, 5, and 10 mmol kg −1 towards augmenting phytoextraction efficiency of sweet sorghum for Cd remediation in a screen house study. However, little is known about optimal application rate, comparative evaluation of degradable versus non-degradable chelators and their impact on cadmium (Cd) speciation and uptake, physiological and biochemical activity of sweet sorghum grown under Cd stress. Exogenous application of chelators towards enhancing heavy metals extraction efficiency of bioenergy crop has received considerable attention in recent time.